ماهوالتلمـــــــود (הַתַּלְמוּד)

[محمدالفريدي]

التلمـــــــود (הַתַּלְמוּד)التلمود هو أحد كتب اليهود الدينية ، وهو عبارة عن موسوعة تتضمن الدين والشريعة والتأملات الغيبية والتاريخ والآداب والعلوم الطبيعية . كما يتضمن علاوة على ذلك فصولاً فى الزراعة وفلاحة البساتين والصناعة والمهن والتجارة والربا والضرائب وقوانين الملكية والرق والميراث وأسرار الأعداد والفلك والتنجيم والقصص الشعبى ، بل أنه ليغطى جوانب الحياة الخاصة لليهودى ، إذ يتناول فى جملة ما يتناول كل دقائق إعداد الطعام وتناوله والعلاقات الخاصة بين الرجل وزوجته والطمث - وحتى الدعوات التى يقولـها الانسان بعد الذهاب إلى دورة المياه ، أى أنه لايدع للفرد اليهودى حرية الاختيار فى أى وجه من وجوه النشاط فى حياته العامة والخاصة .

‏وقد بـدأ تدوين التلمود مع بداية العصر المسيحى ، واستغرق تأليفه مايقرب من خمـسمائة عام . ويوجد تلمودان وهما : التلمود البابلى ، والتلمود الفلسطينى (الأورشاليمى) ، وكلاهما مكون من "מִשְׁנָה - المشنا" و"גְּמָרָא - الجمارا" . ووجه الاختلاف بينهما فى الجمارا وليس فى المشنا لأنها واحدة فى الاثنين . أما الجمارا فاثنتان احداهما فى فلسطين والأخرى فى بابل ، وحيث أن الجمارا البابلية أكمل وأشـمل من الجـمارا الفلسطينية فإننا نجد أن التلمود البابلى هو الأكثر تداولاً وهو الكتاب القياسى عند اليهود .
وتبلغ أقسام المشنا ستة أقسام "סְדָרִים" ، وهى الأقسام الأساسية للتلمـود باعتبار أن الجمارا تعليق على المشنا وشرح لـها . ويبلغ عدد صفحات التلمود ( مشنا وجمارا ) حوالى ستة ألاف صفحة فى كل منها 400 كلمة .

‏والتلمود هو أول محاولة من جانب حاخامات اليهود لتفسير العهد القديم بـما يتناسب مع وضع اليهود الجديد كأقليات تجارية متناثرة فى العالـم وليس كشعب مستقر فى أرضه . ولكن التلمود هو أيضًا تعبير عن محاولة اليهودية الحاخامية التلمودية السيطرة على جماهير اليهود وعزلـهم عن بقية الشعوب ، خاصة بعد ظهور المسيحية التى اتخذت من العهد القديم كتابًا مقدسًا وأكـملته وعدلته بالعـهد الجديد . وهذه الانعزالية مسألة منطقية فى الـمجتمعات الإقطاعية التى كانت تشجع الفصل بين الطبقات والجماعات الدينية ، وهى انعزالية كانت تأخذ فى الغالب شكل التعالى على الناس . وتسرى هذه النزعة الانعزالية الـمتعالية بحدة فى معظم صفحات التلـمود . وقد كان التلمود يستخدم أساسًا للتربية اليهودية فكان الدارسون اليهود يستذكرونه لـمدة سبع ساعات يوميًا طوال سبع سنوات . وقد نجح التلمود فى ضرب العزلة الوجدانية والروحية والعقلية على اليهود حتى أن أحد الشعراء الألمان أسـماه وطن اليهود الـمتنقل . ومما زاد من حدة هذه الانعزالية تلك القداسة التى تحيط بالتلمود ، فعلى الرغم من أنه مجرد "تفسير" للمقرا ، فإنه مثل كل كتب الشروح اليهودية يكتسب قداسة معينة ، خاصة وأن أسطورة الشريعة الشفوية سيطرت على الوجدان اليهودى سيطرة تامة بعد ظهور المسيحية ، فكان ينظر للتلمود فى بداية الأمر على أنه يأتى فى المرتبة الثانية بعد التوراة ولكنه بعد حين أصبح يلقب بالتوراة الشفوية ، أى صار مساويًا لتوراة موسى فى المرتبة ، ولـم يعد فى وسع أى يهودى مخالفته ، ثم أخذت درجة قداسته فى الازدياد والاتساع حتى أصبح أكثر قداسة من التوراة ذاتها .

[FrankJScott]

Growing fan of this page :) Btw, if you're interested in the best Indonesian casinos, I very much recommend this teratas poker online indonesia website along with this baik poker idn website and this luar biasa idn poker online website. Also, don't forget this bagus idn poker online, not to mention this hebat judi poker page alongside this terbaik idn poker login website. There's also this baik agen poker site and don't forget this baik idn poker login, as well as baik agen poker online page and don't forget this hebat poker idn forum is a good one too.

[FrankJScott]

Huge fan of this this blog :) Btw, if you're interested in major Indonesian casinos, I very much suggest this baik judi poker forum along with this luar biasa agen poker website and this terbaik itus idn poker page. Also, don't forget this luar biasa judi poker, not to mention this hebat judi poker terpercaya site alongside this teratas agen poker forum. There's also this bagus judi poker profile and don't forget this teratas poker idn, as well as hebat poker idn site and I shouldn't leave out this luar biasa poker online indonesia forum is a good one too.

[FrankJScott]

Pressfarm is really a press repository that assists entrepreneurs discover journalists to publish about their startups. Build a list of reporters and get stated in startup websites in minutes. Using our media outreach system, it's simple to look for journalists from various markets, publications and types to find the best fit for the story.

Pressfarm may also help write mail pitches, press produces, material marketing and significantly more.

Pressfarm genuinely believe that narrowing down the subject to journalists that are likely to be thinking about your startup is much better than sending bulk emails.

[FrankJScott]

Pressfarm is just a press database that helps entrepreneurs discover editors to create about their startups. Construct a listing of reporters and get listed in start-up websites in minutes. Applying our media outreach software, it's simple to look for writers from various niches, textbooks and groups to find a very good fit for your story.

Pressfarm may also support write email pitches, push releases, content marketing and significantly more.

Pressfarm feel that narrowing down the field to writers who're apt to be thinking about your startup is a lot better than giving bulk emails.

[FrankJScott]

for the lady asking about order term paper, best dissertation editing services, article and blog writing, professional sop writers, websites to help with essays, blogging and content writing, I highly recommend this recommended essay writing service details or article writing services, custom essay order, best essay writing sites, essaywriters, creative copywriting, economics dissertation help, as well as this excellent essay writing service link on top of research proposal writing services, seo blog writing services, essay helper essay helper, write my paper for cheap, b2b copywriting, copywriting sites, as well as this best essay writing service url which is also great. also have a look at this high rated essay writing service site not to mention write my research paper, seo content writing company, write place, job writing subtitles for netflix, dissertation writing services near me, ghostwriting co to, and don't forget this top rated essay writing service info on top of do my assignment, personal statement writers, best article writing sites, research paper writing, custom dissertation services, dissertation assistance, as well as updated essay writing service url which is also worth a look. i also suggest this recommended essay writing service blog not to mention buy an essay paper online, custom dissertation services, buy essay online cheap, write my assignment for me, term paper service, seo based content writing, alongside all this new essay writing service url not to mention topessaywriting, essayservices, assessment writer, dissertation assistance services, write my paper for me cheap, dissertation services, not to mention updated essay writing service link on top of best copywriting, essay help websites, buy assignments online, blog content writing services, writing tutoring, bid writing services, which is also great. finally, have a look at this new essay writing service blog with professional paper writers, research proposal writing services, professional writing services, linkedin resume writers cost, white paper writing services, creative writing services, for good measure.

[FrankJScott]

In reply to the person asking about debt reduction services inc honolulu, care one debt relief services, i need help paying my credit card debt, best credit card debt relief company, tax debt forgiveness 2021 hawaii, americorp financial debt relief, tax consequences of debt settlement hawaii, debt settlement companies hawaii, help with debt repayment, consumer credit card relief hawaii, debt settlement firm, best debt management services honolulu, freedom debt free honolulu, help me pay off my credit card debt, trinity debt relief hawaii, need money to pay off debt, credit card debt consolidation companies help honolulu, credit counseling services hawaii, certified credit counseling, business debt settlement hawaii, I can vouch for this Debt Lawyer Honolulu for lexington law debt settlement, ndi debt relief program, best rated tax relief companies, freedom debt financial hawaii, best debt management hawaii, 2021 credit card debt relief honolulu, hardship program credit card, consolidation debt relief program honolulu, credit card help with debt, companies that help you get out of debt, freedom debt relief consolidation plus loan, ihda smartbuy program, credit card debt programs honolulu, credit debt solution honolulu, debt relief options hawaii, top 5 debt relief companies, emergency credit card debt relief, help with debt relief hawaii, irs tax debt help hawaii, need help paying credit card debt hawaii, also. See More Updated Hire Debt Relief Tips 1c41814

[img]https://media.bizj.us/view/img/11694310/jabsom*750xx1280-720-0-67.jpg[/img]

In reply to the man inquiring about tri axle heavy haul trucks for sale, dresser loader, heavy farm equipment, heavy duty portable winch, heavy earth moving machinery, heavy duty loading ramps, small dozer for sale near me, hyundai wheel loader, heavy duty cherry picker, caterpillar machine, caterpillar heavy equipment, construction equipment dealers near me, heavy equipment working, used backhoe for sale, use of bulldozer, operating heavy equipment, cat backhoe for sale, tri cities craigslist heavy equipment, heavy duty flail mower for sale ebay, used log loaders for sale, I can vouch for this wheel loader rentals for small construction equipment for sale, heavy equipment vehicles, used dozers for sale by owner, darl heavy equipment, heavy duty sugarcane crusher price, used log loaders for sale, rent a bulldozer, excavation equipment, dresser dozer for sale, tow behind grader, heavy machinery transport, kinds of heavy equipment, crawler loader backhoe for sale, heavy equipment storage, big dozer, crane construction equipment, used track loaders for sale, caterpillar backhoe for sale, front end loader forks, equipment transport near me, also. See More High Rated Hire Debt Relief Info

[FrankJScott]

For the man talking about livecasinokings, safe gambling sites, play crazy time, secure mobile casino, dunia777 slot, online casino no deposit bonus free spins, best gambling sites to win money, new casino bonus, live poker online, uwin33, riverbelle casino slots, play baccarat for a living, paradiso room online casino, zodiac casino, jackpot jill online casino, mega reel casino, casino packer ave, hbo judi slot, ignition online casino, online casino free spins no deposit, I suggest this 카지노게임사이트 for ruby fortune best slots, safe online gambling casinos, real casino, online live casino no deposit bonus, temple nile bonus, live casino slots online, comeon sportsbook, megaslots, mobile live casino, ovo188 slot, online casino $1000 bonus, live dealer baccarat, jonny jackpot casino, play evolution gaming, echeck online casino, winward casino 80, live baccarat online casino, bcslots live, roulette for a living, hollywood casino and live games, also. See More Top Rated Korean Casino Advice 816e2a8

[FrankJScott]

For the people inquiring about steam tower rtp, rick and morty slot rtp, starz megaways rtp, double diamond rtp, 10001 nights slot rtp, joker pro rtp, I highly suggest this useful slot RTP advice or eggomatic rtp, fruit warp rtp, secrets of christmas rtp, lucha rumble rtp, aztec gems deluxe rtp, steam tower slot rtp, on top of this top RTP live info alongside all a night out slot rtp, boom pirates rtp, rtp slot 2021, slots of gold megaways rtp, starmania slot rtp, lucky halloween rtp, as well as this high rated RTP live slot info which is also great. Also, have a look at this recommended RTP tertinggi advice alongside all buffalo blitz rtp, kode rtp slot, rtp live hari ini, narcos slot rtp, royal mint megaways rtp, 97 rtp slots, on top of this high rated bocoran RTP slot details as well as royal mint megaways rtp, gladiator jackpot rtp, reactoonz rtp, lucky emeralds rtp, ladbrokes slots rtp, kronos unleashed rtp, on top of great bocoran RTP slot details which is also worth a look. I also recommend this high rated pola slot RTP tips as well as wild wild chest rtp, king kong cash jackpot king rtp, aloha rtp, game slot pragmatic rtp tertinggi, lucky wizard rtp, rtp pg soft, as well as this top RTP live link alongside all joker pro rtp, fruitinator rtp, zulu gold rtp, rtp slot spadegaming, starz megaways rtp, power of thor megaways rtp, on top of useful RTP tertinggi url and don't forget thunderstruck rtp, website rtp slot, microgaming rtp list, live rtp slot, rtp madeira live, 98 rtp slots, which is also great. Finally, have a look at this high rated RTP slot tertinggi forum with mighty griffin megaways rtp, montezuma rtp, icy wilds rtp, lucky lady charm rtp, rtp3 live, jurassic park slot rtp, for good measure. Check more @ Top Rated Retirement Planner Info 851c418

[FrankJScott]

In response to the people talking about slot gacor hari ini pragmatic, ovo 888 slot, provider slot pragmatic, play slot machines for real money, cara main mesin slot online, pragmatic play gacor, I highly recommend this great judi slot link or slot online pragmatic 88, slot gacor sore ini, bandar slot joker123, murah4d net situs slot, slots house of fun, pragmatic play terbaru, alongside all this useful slot blog as well as microgaming casino sites, slot furla77, ovo 77 slot, wolf run slots free, link agen 138, 3 reel slots, alongside all this great slot gacor forum which is also great. Also, have a look at this great judi slot online url as well as bca joker slot, slotorama, best free online slot games, ulasan slot pragmatic, sizzling 777 slots free online, play ultimate fire link online free, alongside all this recommended slot online url not to mention link mpo slot terbaik, sweet bonanza agen138, black88 judi slot online, slot joker gaming, nama slot zeus, sloto legends casino, not to mention great slot maxwin site which is also worth a look. I also suggest this useful situs slot online advice as well as link alternatif glowin88, kaisartoto 88 slot, situs joker123 deposit pulsa, judi casino88, cmd77 slot online, wcb slot terbaru 2020, not to mention this high rated slot maxwin url not to mention free slots with bonus and free spins wheel of fortune, slot joker123 deposit 25000, agen 137 slot, game pragmatic paling gacor, pokie slots, agen slot pg soft, and don't forget recommended slot online forum alongside all play ultimate fire link online free, agent138slot, slot panda cuan, geisha slots, mega bandar slot, idn slot 777, which is also great. Finally, have a look at this excellent slot gacor advice with jam reset pragmatic play, slot online 24jam terpercaya, slots7, online fruit machine, slot red tiger, link slot deposit dana, for good measure. Check more @ Free Suggestions For Deciding On Forex Trading c79d056