تعبير العرب عن المدح والذم

[ahmed_mido]

- أفعال المسموعة وإعرابها
2- الأفعال المقيسة
حين تعبر العرب عن المدح والذم تعبيراً لا يخلو من التعجب، تصوغ له أفعالاً منقولة عن بابها لأَداء هذا المعنى الجديد، على صيغ خاصة لا تتغير، ولذلك كانت هذه الأفعال كلها أفعالاً جامدة لا مضارع لها ولا أمر. وهي صنفان:
أ- الصنف الأول: نعم وبئس وساء، وحبذا ولا حبَّذا.
فأما نعم وبئس ففعلان جامدان مخففان من (نَعِم، وبَئِس)، و(ساءَ) أَصلها من الباب الأَول (ساءَ يسوءُ) وهو فعل متعدٍ، فما نقلوه للذم إلى باب (فَعُل): جمُدَ وأَصبح لازماً بمعنى بئس. والتزمت العرب في فاعل نعم وبئس أَن يكون أحد ثلاثة:
1- محلىًّ بـ(أَل) الجنسية، أو مضافاً إلى محلىًّ بها، أَو مضافاً إلى مضاف إلى محلىًّ بها: نعم الرجل خالد، نعم خلقُ المرأَة الحشمة، بئس ابن أخت القوم سليم.
2- أَو ضميراً مميزاً (مفسراً بتمييز): نعم رجلاً فريد [1]، وساءَ خلقاً غضبك.
3- أَو كلمة (ما) بئس ما فعل جارك: ساءَ ما كانوا يصنعون. والمرفوع بعد الفعل والفاعل هو المخصوص بالمدح أو بالذم، إذ معنى (نعم الرجل خالد) أَن المتكلم مدح جنس الرجال عامة (وفيهم خالد طبعاً) ثم خص المدح بـ(خالد) فكأَنما مدحه مرتين. ويعرب المخصوص بالمدح أَو بالذم خبراً لمبتدأ محذوف وجوباً تقديره (هو)، أو (الممدوح أو المذموم)، وكأَن الكلام جوابٌ لسائلٍ سأَل (من عنيت بقولك: نعم الرجل؟). أَما إذا تقدم المخصوص على جملة المدح مثل (خالد نعم الرجل) فيعرب مبتدأً والجملة خبره.
وأَما حبذا: فـ(حَبَّ) فعل ماض جامد و(ذا) اسم إشارة فاعل، والمخصوص بالمدح، خبر لمبتدأ محذوف وجوباً تقديره (هو)، ولا يتقدم على الفعل، ولا يشترط أَن يكون أَحد الثلاثة الماضية في فاعل نعم، فيجوز أَن تقول لا حبذا خليل، وإِذا اتصل بها فاعل غير (ذا) جاز جره بالباءِ الزائدة: أَخوك حَبَّ به جارا.
ب- الصنف الثاني: كل فعل قابل للتعجب [2] يمكن نقله إلى الباب الخامس (فعُل يفعُل) إذا أُريد منه مع التعجب المدحُ أَو الذم. ففعل (فهِم يفهَم) من الباب الرابع (فهم الطفلُ المسأَلة)، أَما إذا زاد فهمه حتى صار يُتَعجَّب من سرعته وأَردنا مدحه قلنا (فهُم الطفل) بمعنى أَن الفهم صار ملكةً فيه وغريزة ثابتة، لأن الباب الخامس خاص بالغرائز مثل: (المحسنتان نبُلتا فتاتين). وإذا أَخبر إنسان بخلاف الواقع قلنا ((كذَب في خبره))، أَما إذا صار الكذب غريزة له ونبغ فيه وأَردنا التعجب من ملازمته له مع ذمة قلنا ((كذُب)). والمعتل اليائي يحول إلى الواو إِذا نقلناه إلى باب ((كرُم)) للمدح أَو الذم: (هَيُؤَ صالحٌ) بمعنى صار ذا هيئة حسنة.
نعم امرأَيْن حاتم وكعب
كلاهما غيث وسيف عضب
أَلا حبذا عاذري في الهوى
ولا حبذا العاذلُ الجاهلُ؟

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